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叉 A fork, forked; to fold, folded.
叉手 The palms of the hands together with the fingers crossed forming ten. Also, the palms together with the middle fingers crossing each other, an old Indian form of greeting. In China anciently the left hand was folded over the right, but with women the right hand was over the left. In mourning salutations the order was reversed.
叉拏 k?a?a, an instant, a moment; also 刹拏.
叉磨 k?amā, v. 懺悔.
叉耶 ｋ?aya, diminish, decay, end; v. 乞.
口 mukha, the mouth, especially as the organ of speech. 身, 口, 意 are the three media of corruption, body or deed , mouth or word, and mind or thought.
口傳 Oral transmission.
口授 Oral transmission.
口力外道 One of the eleven heretical sects of India. which is said to have compared the mouth to the great void out of which all things were produced. The great void produced the four elements, these produced herbs, and these in turn all the living; or more in detail the void produced wind, wind fire, fire warmth, warmth water, water congealed and formed earth which produced herbs, herbs cereals and life, hence life is food; ultimately all returns to the void, which is nirvana.
因力論師 Exponents of the doctrine which compares the mouth to the great void from which all things are produced; see 口力外道.
口力論師 Exponents of the doctrine which compares the mouth to the great void from which all things are produced; see 口力外道.
口印 The mouth sign, one of the fourteen symbols of 不重尊 q.v.
口和 Harmony of mouths or voices, unanimous approval.
口四 The four evils of the mouth, lying, double tongue, ill words, and exaggeration; cf. 十惡.
口密 語密 One of the 三密. Secret or magical words, either definite formulas of the Buddha or secret words from his dharma, kaya, or spirit.
口忍 Patience of the mouth, uttering no rebuke under insult or persecution; there are similarly 身忍 and 意忍.
口業 語業 One of the 三業. (1) The work of the mouth, i.e. talk, speech. (2) The evil karma produced by the mouth, especially from lying, double-tongue, ill words, and exaggeration.
口業供養 The offering of the praise or worship of the lips; also 身業供養 and 意業供養.
口疏 奥疏 Esoteric commentary or explanation of two kinds, one general, the other only imparted to the initiated.
奥疏 Esoteric commentary or explanation of two kinds, one general, the other only imparted to the initiated.
口稱 Invocation.
口稱三昧 The samādhi in which with a quiet heart the individual repeats the name of Buddha, or the samādhi attained by such repetition.
口訣 Orally transmitted decisions or instructions.
口輪 正教輪 One of the 三輪. The wheel of the mouth. or the wheel of the true teaching; Buddha's teaching rolling on everywhere, like a chariot-wheel, destroying misery.
口頭禪 Mouth meditation, i.e. dependence on the leading of others, inability to enter into personal meditation.
土 Bhū; bhūmi; p?thivī. Earth, locality, local, vulgar.
土地神 The local guardian deity of the soil or locality, deus loci; in the classics and government sacrifices known as 社; as guardian deity of the grave 后土. The 土地堂 is the shrine of this deity as ruler of the site of a monastery, and is usually east of the main hall. On the 2nd and 16th of each month a 土地諷經 or reading of a sutra should be done at the shrine.
土星 賒乃以室折羅 ?anai?cara. Saturn. ?ani, the Hindu ruler of the planet, was "identified with the planet itself ".[Eitel.]
土波 Tibet.
土砂供養 土砂加持 The putting of earth on the grave 108 times by the Shingon sect; they also put it on the deceased's body, and even on the sick, as a kind of baptism for sin, to save the deceased from the hells and base reincarnations, and bring them to the Pure Land.
土羅遮 偸蘭遮 sthūlātyaya. Serious sin.
土饅頭 An earthen loaf, i.e. a grave; but v. 士饅頭.
土麨 A?oka is said to have become king as a reward for offering, when a child in a previous incarnation, a double-handful of sand as wheat or food to the Buddha.
士 A gentleman, scholar, officer.
士夫 v. 補盧沙 puru?a.
士夫見 One of the eight heterodox views, i.e. the pride arising from belief in a puru?a, 補慮沙 q.v.
士饅頭 ?ma?āna. A crematory; a burial place for remains from cremation. A grave; v. 土饅頭. The form is doubtful.
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夕 Evening.
夕座 The evening service.
朝座 The morning service.
大 Maha. 摩訶; 麼賀. Great, large, big; all pervading, all-embracing; numerous 多; surpassing ; mysterious 妙; beyond comprehension 不可思議; omnipresent 體無不在. The elements, or essential things, i.e. (a) 三大 The three all-pervasive qualities of the 眞如 q.v. : its 體, 相 , 用 substance, form, and functions, v. 起信論 . (b) 四大 The four tanmātra or elements, earth, water, fire, air (or wind) of the 倶舍論. (c)五大 The five, i.e. the last four and space 空, v. 大日經. (d) 六大 The six elements, earth, water, fire, wind, space (or ether), mind 識. Hīnayāna, emphasizing impersonality 人空, considers these six as the elements of all sentient beings; Mahāyāna, emphasizing the unreality of all things 法空, counts them as elements, but fluid in a flowing stream of life, with mind 識 dominant; the esoteric sect emphasizing nonproduction, or non-creation, regards them as universal and as the Absolute in differentiation. (e) 七大 The 楞嚴經 adds 見 perception, to the six above named to cover the perceptions of the six organs 根.
大三末多 Mahāsa?mata. The first of the five kings of the Vivarta kalpa (成劫五王 ), one of the ancestors of the ?ākya clan.
大不可棄子部 āvantikās. The great school of the son who "could not be abandoned" (a subdivision of the Sa?matiyas 三彌底), whose founder when a newborn babe was abandoned by his parents.
大不善地法 The two great characteristics of the evil state, 無慚無愧 no sense of shame or disgrace, shameless.
大乘 Mahāyāna; also called 上乘; 妙乘; 勝乘; 無上乘; 無上上乘; 不惡乘; 無等乘, 無等等乘; 摩訶衍 The great yāna, wain, or conveyance, or the greater vehicle in comparison with the 小乘 Hīnayāna. It indicates universalism, or Salvation for all, for all are Buddha and will attain bodhi. It is the form of Buddhism prevalent in Tibet, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan, and in other places in the Far East. It is also called Northern Buddhism. It is interpreted as 大教 the greater teaching as compared with 小教 the smaller, or inferior. Hīnayāna, which is undoubtedly nearer to the original teaching of the Buddha, is unfairly described as an endeavour to seek nirvana through an ash-covered body, an extinguished intellect, and solitariness; its followers are sravakas and pratyekabuddhas (i.e. those who are striving for their own deliverance through ascetic works). Mahāyāna, on the other hand, is described as seeking to find and extend all knowledge, and, in certain schools, to lead all to Buddhahood. It has a conception of an Eternal Buddha, or Buddhahood as Eternal (Adi-Buddha), but its especial doctrines are, inter alia, (a) the bodhisattvas 菩薩 , i.e. beings who deny themselves final Nirvana until, according to their vows, they have first saved all the living; (b) salvation by faith in, or invocation of the Buddhas or bodhisattvas; (c) Paradise as a nirvana of bliss in the company of Buddhas, bodhisattvas, saints, and believers. Hīnayāna is sometimes described as 自利 self-benefiting, and Mahāyāna as 自利利他 self-benefit for the benefit of others, unlimited altruism and pity being the theory of Mahāyāna. There is a further division into one-yana and three-yanas: the trīyāna may be ?rāvaka, pratyeka-buddha, and bodhisattva, represented by a goat, deer, or bullock cart; the one-yāna is that represented by the Lotus School as the one doctrine of the Buddha, which had been variously taught by him according to the capacity of his hearers, v. 方便. Though Mahāyāna tendencies are seen in later forms of the older Buddhism, the foundation of Mahāyāna has been attributed to Nāgārjuna 龍樹. "The characteristics of this system are an excess of transcendental speculation tending to abstract nihilism, and the substitution of fanciful degrees of meditation and contemplation (v. Samādhi and Dhyāna) in place of the practical asceticism of the Hīnayāna school."[Eitel 68-9.] Two of its foundation books are the 起信論and the 妙法蓮華經 but a larnge numberof Mahāyāna sutras are ascribed to the Buddha。.
大乘二種成佛 The two Mahāyāna kinds of Buddhahood: (1) that of natural purity, for every one has the inherent nature; (2) that attained by practice.
大乘善根界 The Mahāyāna good roots realm, a name for the Amitābha Pure-land of the West.
大乘四果The four fruits, or bodhisattva stages in Mahāyāna, the fourth being that of a Buddha: 須陀洹 srota-āpanna, 斯陀含 sak?dāgāmin, 。阿理那含 anāgāmin, and 阿羅漢 arhan. This is a 通教 category.
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大乘因 Mahāyāna "cause" is variously described as the mind of enlightenment 菩提心; or the reality behind all things 諸法實相.
大乘基 "Mahāyāna‐fundament", title of 窺基 Kuiji, a noted disciple of Xuanzang 玄奘; known also as 大乘法師.
大乘妙經 idem 法華經 the Lotus Sutra.
大乘天 "Mahāyāna-deva", a title given to 玄奘 Xuanzang, who was also styled 木叉提婆 Moksa-deva.
木叉提婆 "Mok?a-deva", a title given to 玄奘 Xuanzang.
大乘宗 The school of Mahāyāna, attributed to the rise in India of the Mādhyamika, i.e. the 中觀 or 三論 school ascribed to Nāgārjuna, and the Yoga 瑜伽 or Dharmalak?a?a 法相 school, the other schools being Hīnayāna. In China and Japan the 倶舍 and 成實 are classed as Hīnayāna, the rest being Mahāyāna , of which the principal schools are 律, 法相 , 三論, 華嚴, 天台, 眞言 , 淨土 , 禪 q.v.
大乘心 The mind or heart of the Mahāyāna; seeking the mind of Buddha by means of Mahāyāna.
大乘戒 The commands or prohibitions for bodhisattvas and monks, also styled 菩薩; 三聚淨戒; 圓頓戒 and other titles according to the school. The 梵網經 gives ten weighty prohibitions and forty-eight lighter ones; v. also 大乘戒經.
大乘教 v. 大乘; for 大乘教九部 v. 九部.
大乘方等經典 The sutra and scriptures of the Mahāyāna, their doctrines being 方正 square and correct and 平等 for all equally, or universal.
大乘楞伽經唯識論 Vi??atikā-vij?aptimātratā-siddhi-?āstra. A title of one of three treatises by Vasubandhu, tr. A.D. 508-535, 大乘唯識論 tr. 557-569, and 唯識二十論 tr. by Xuanzang in 661 being the other two.
大乘法師 a title for 窺基 v. 大乘基.
大乘法相教 and 大乘破相敎 v. 法相敎.
大乘無上法 The supreme Mahāyāna truth, according to the 楞伽經, is that of ultimate reality in contrast with the temporary and apparent; also reliance on the power of the vow of the bodhisattva.
大乘無作大戒 The Mahāyāna great moral law involving no external action; a Tiantai expression for the inner change which occurs in the recipient of ordination; it is the activity within; also 大乘無作圓頓戒; 無表大戒.
大乘純界 The lands wholly devoted to Mahāyāna, i.e. China and Japan, where in practice there is no Hīnayāna.
大乘經 Mahāyāna sutras, the sūtra-pi?aka. Discourses ascribed to the Buddha, presumed to be written in India and translated into Chinese. These are divided into five classes corresponding to the Mahāyāna theory of the Buddha's life: (1) Avata?saka, 華嚴 the sermons first preached by ?ākyamuni after enlightenment; (2) Vaipulya, 方等; (3) Praj?ā Pāramitā, 般若; (4) Saddharma Pu??arīka, 法華; and last (5) Mahāparinirvā?a, 涅槃. Another list of Mahāyāna sutras is 般若; 寳積; 大集; 華嚴 and 涅槃. The sutras of Hīnayāna are given as the Agamas 阿含, etc.
大乘莊嚴經論 Mahāyānasūtra-la?kāra-?īkā. An exposition of the teachings of the Vij?āna-vāda School, by Asa?ga, tr. A.D. 630-3 by Prabhākaramitra. 13 chuan.
大乘起信論 Mahāyāna- ?raddhotpāda-?āstra, attributed to A?vagho?a 馬鳴 (without sufficient evidence), tr. by Paramārtha A.D. 553 and ?ik?ānanda between 695-700; there are nineteen commentaries on it. It is described as the foundation work of the Mahāyāna. Tr. into English by Timothy Richard and more correctly by T. Suzuki as The Awakening of Faith.
大乘論 Abhidharma of the Mahāyāna, the collection of discourses on metaphysics and doctrines.
大乘頂王經 Vimalakīrti-nirde?a-sūtra, (維摩經) is the Sanskrit title of a work of which there exist six translations, one made by Upa?ūnya A.D. 502-557.
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大事(因緣) For the sake of a great cause, or because of a great matter―the Buddha appeared, i.e. for changing illusion into enlightenment. The Lotus interprets it as enlightenment; the Nirvana as the Buddha-nature; the 無量壽經 as the joy of Paradise.
人相印 Sealed with the sign of manhood, i.e. of the religious life. 大仙 Maharsi. Great sages, applied to Buddhist saints as superior to ordinary "immortals"; also to sravakas, and especially to Buddha; | | 戒 are the Buddha's laws or commands. Vasistha 婆私瑟侘 was one of the seven rsis 大仙 of Brahmanic mythology.
佛頂 A title of the esoteric sect for their form of Buddha, or Buddhas, especially of Vairocana of the Vajradhātu and ?ākyamuni of the Garbhadhātu groups. Also, an abbreviation of a dhāra?ī as is | | | 經 of a sutra, and there are other | | | scriptures.
休歇底 Ended, finished; dead to the world; also | 死底.
信心 Great or firm faith in, or surrender to Buddha, especially to Amitabha.
信心海 A heart of faith great as the ocean.
僧 A fully ordained monk, i.e. a bhik?u as contrasted with the ?rama?a.
僧正 The Director or Pope of monks; an office under Wudi, A.D. 502‐550, of the Liang dynasty, for the control of the monks. Wendi, 560-7, of the Ch'en dynasty appointed a 大僧統 or Director over the monks in his capital.
大元帥明王 The great commander, one of the sixteen 明王 q.v., named Atavika 阿吒薄迦 (or 倶 or 皆). There are four sutras, chiefly spells connected with his cult.
大光明王 The Great-Light Ming-wang, ?ākyamuni in a previous existence, when king of Jambudvīpa, at Benares. There his white elephant, stirred by the sight of a female elephant, ran away with him into the forest, where he rebuked his mahout, who replied, "I can only control the body not the mind, only a Buddha can control the mind." Thereupon the royal rider made his resolve to attain bodhi and become a Buddha. Later, he gave to all that asked, finally even his own head to a Brahman who demanded it, at the instigation of an enemy king.
大光音天 ābhāsvara. The third of the celestial regions in the second dhyāna heaven of the form realm; v. 四禪天.
大光普照 The great light shining everywhere, especially the ray of light that streamed from between the Buddha's eyebrows, referred to in the Lotus Sutra.
大光普照觀音 One of the six forms of Guanyin.
大准提 Mahā-cundī, a form of Guanyin. There are dhāra?īs beginning with the name Cundī.
大刧 mahākalpa. The great kalpa, from the beginning of a universe till it is destroyed and another begins in its place. It has four kalpas or periods known as vivarta 成刧 the creation period; vivarta‐siddha 住刧 the appearance of sun and moon, i.e. light, and the period of life, human and general; sa?varta 壤刧 or 滅刧 destruction first by fire, then water, then fire, then deluge, then a great wind, i.e. water during seven small kalpas, fire during 56 and wind one, in all 64; sa?vartatthāhi 増滅刧 total destruction gradually reaching the void. A great kalpa is calculated as eighty small kalpas and to last 1,347,000,000 years.
大刧賓寧 Kapphi?a or Mahakapphi?a v. 劫賓那.
大力王 King Powerful, noted for his unstinted generosity. Indra to test him appeared as a Brahman and asked for his flesh; the king ungrudgingly cut of and gave him his arm. Indra was then Devadatta, King Powerful was ?ākyamuni; v. 菩薩藏經 (下).
大力金剛 The mighty "diamond" or Vajra-mahārāja in the Garbhadhātu group, a fierce guardian and servant of Buddhism, see below.
大勇 ārya?ūra. Also 聖勇 The great brave, or ārya the brave. An Indian Buddhist author of several works.
大勇猛菩薩 A guardian ruler in the Garbhadhātu group called Mahānīla, the Great Blue Pearl, or perhaps sapphire, which in some way is associated with him.
大勝金剛 Another name for 金輪佛頂, one of the incarnations of Vairocana represented with twelve arms, each hand holding one of his symbols. Also 大轉輪王; 金剛手 .
大勢 See 大勢至菩薩.
勢至 See 大勢至菩薩.
大勢至菩薩 Mahāsthāma or Mahāsthāmaprāpta 摩訶那鉢. A Bodhisattva representing the Buddha-wisdom of Amitābha; he is on Amitābha's right, with Avalokite?vara on the left. They are called the three holy ones of the western region. He has been doubtfully identified with Maudgalyāyana. Also 勢至.
大勢佛 The Buddha of mighty power (to heal and save), a Buddha's title.
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大勤勇 Greatly zealous and bold― a title of Vairocana.
大化 The transforming teaching and work of a Buddha in one lifetime.
大千 (世界) A major chiliocosm, or universe, of 3,000 great chiliocosms, v. 三千大千.
大千世界 A major chiliocosm, or universe, of 3,000 great chiliocosms, v. 三千大千.
大召 A temple and its great bell in Lhasa Tibet, styled 老木郞, built when the T'ang princess became the wife of the Tibetan king Ts'ah-po and converted Tibet to Buddhism.
大吉祥天 The good-fortune devīs, and also devas, also called 功德天, concerning whom there are several sutras.
大吉祥金剛 idem 金剛手.
大吉祥明菩薩 The sixth bodhisattva in the second row of the Garbhadhātu Guanyin group.
大吉大明菩薩 The fifth bodhisattva in the second row of the Garbhadhātu Guanyin group..
大吉變菩薩 The sixth bodhisattva in the third row of the Garbhadhātu Guanyin group.
大叫喚地獄 mahāraurava. The hell of great wailing, the fifth of the eight hot hells. Also 大呌 ; 大號呌 ; 大呼.
大和尚 Great monk, senior monk, abbot ; a monk of great virtue and old age. Buddho?ingha, (Fotu cheng 佛圖澄), who came to China A.D. 310, was so styled by his Chinese disciple 石子龍 Shizi long.
大和竭羅 Dīpa?kara. The Buddha of burning light, the twenty-fourth predecessor of ?ākyamuni, a disciple of Varaprabha ; v. 燃 and 提. In the Lotus Sutra he appears from his nirvana on the Vulture Peak with ?ākyamuni, manifesting that the nirvana state is one of continued existence.
大命 The great order, command, destiny, or fate, i.e. life-and-death, mortality, reincarnation.
大周刋定衆經目錄 The catalogue in 14 juan of the Buddhist scripture made under the Empress Wu of the Tang dynasty, the name of which she changed to Zhou.
大品 The larger, or fuller edition of a canonical work, work, especially of the next. | | 般若經 ; 摩訶般若波羅蜜經 The Mahaprajnaparamita sutra as tr. by Kumarajiva in 27 chuan, in contrast with the 10 chuan edition.
大品經 The larger, or fuller edition of a canonical work, work, especially of the 大品般若經.
大品般若經 摩訶般若波羅蜜經 The Mahāpraj?āpāramitā-sūtra as tr. by Kumārajīva in 27 chuan, in contrast with the 10 chuan edition.
大哉解脱服 Great! the robe of deliverance―verses in praise of the cassock, from the 善見論, sung on initiation into the order.
大唐内典錄 A catalogue of the Buddhist library in the Tang dynasty A.D. 664.
大唐西域記 The Record of Western Countries by Xuanzang of the Tang dynasty ; v. 西域記.
大善利 The great benefit that results from goodness, also expressed as 大善大利 implying the better one is the greater the resulting benefit.
大善地法 The ten mental conditions for cultivation of goodness, being a part of the forty-six methods mentioned in the 倶舍論 4 ; faith, zeal, renunciation, shame (for one's own sin), shame (for another's sin), no desire, no dislike, no harm, calmness, self-control. v. 大地法.
大善知識 Well acquainted with the good ; great friends.
大嚫 dak?i?ā, v. 達嚫.
大因陀羅座 The throne of Indra, whose throne is four-square to the universe ; also 金剛輪座.
大因陀羅壇 Indra-altar of square shape. He is worshipped as the mind-king of the universe, all things depending on him.
大圓覺 Great and perfect enlightenment, Buddha-wisdom.
大圓鏡智 Great perfect mirror wisdom, i.e. perfect all-reflecting Buddha-wisdom.
大圓鏡智觀 A meditation on the reflection of the perfect Buddha-wisdom in every being, that as an image may enter into any number of reflectors, so the Buddha can enter into me and I into him 入我我入.
大地 Great earth, the whole earth, everywhere, all the land, etc.
大地法 Ten bodhisattva bhūmi, or stages above that of 見道 in the 倶舍論 4, and the mental conditions connected with them. 大地 is also defined as good and evil, the association of mind with them being by the ten methods of 受, 想, 思, 觸, 欲, 慧, 念, 作意, 勝解, 三摩地.
大域龍 Dignāga, or Mahā-Dignāga, also known as 陳那 Jina, founder of the medieval school of Buddhist logic about the fifth century A.D. His works are known only in Tibetan translations. [Winternitz.]
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大壇 A great altar, the chief altar.
大士 Mahasattva. 開士 A great being, noble, a leader of men, a bodhisattva; also a ?rāvaka, a Buddha; especially one who 自利利他 benefits himself to help others.
大士籤 Bamboo slips used before Kuan-yin when the latter is consulted as an oracle. '
大夜 The great night, i.e. that before the funeral pyre of a monk is lighted; also 迨夜; 宿夜.
大夢 The great dream, "the dream of life," this life, the world.
大天 Mahādeva. 摩訶提婆. (1) A former incarnation of ?ākyamuni as a Cakravartī. (2) A title of Mahe?vara. (3) An able supporter of the Mahāsā?ghika?, whose date is given as about a hundred years after the Buddha's death, but he is also described as a favorite of A?oka, with whom he is associated as persecutor of the Sthavirā?, the head of which escaped into Kashmir. If from the latter school sprang the Mahāyāna, it may account for the detestation in which Mahādeva is held by the Mahāyānists. An account of his wickedness and heresies is given in 西域記 3 and in 婆沙論 99.
大秦寺 (1) A monastery of the Manichaean sect, erected in Changan during the Tang dynasty by order of the emperor Taizong C.E. 627-650; also 波斯寺 (2) A Nestorian monastery mentioned in the Christian monument at Sianfu.
大姊 Elder sister, a courtesy title for a lay female devotee, or a nun.
大威德 Mahātejas. Of awe-inspiring power, or virtue, able to suppress evildoers and protect the good. A king of garu?as, v. 迦. Title of a 明王 protector of Buddhism styled 大威德者; 大威德尊; 大威德明王; 百光扁照王; there are symbols, spells, esoteric words, sutras, etc., connected with this title.
大婆羅門 The great brāhma?a, applied to the Buddha, who though not of Brahman caste was the embodiment of Brahman virtues.
大婆羅門經 A sutra dealing with 大婆羅門.
大堅固婆羅門 The great reliable Brāhma?a, i.e., ?ākyamuni in a previous life when minister of a country; there is sutra of this name.
大孔雀王 The mayūra, or "peacock" 明王 ,v. 孔雀王There are seven sets of spells connected with him.
大安達羅 Mahendra, or Mahendrī, or Rāja mahendrī. A city near the mouth of the Godavery, the present Rājamundry.
大安慰 The great comforter, or pacifier―a Buddha's title.
大定智悲 Great insight, great wisdom, great pity, the three virtues 三德for Buddha by which he achieves enlightenment and wisdom and saves all beings.
大寂定 The samādhi which the Tathāgata enters, of perfect tranquility and concentration with total absence of any perturbing element; also parinirvā?a. Also 大寂三昧; 大寂靜摩地.
大寂王 The great tranquil or nirvana dharma‐king, i.e. Vairocana.
大寂滅 Parinirvā?a; the great nirvana.
大寒林 The grove of great cold, sitavana, i.e., burial stūpas, the graveyard.
大寶 Great Jewel, most precious thing, i.e. the Dharma or Buddha-law; the bodhisattva; the fire-altar of the esoteric cult.
大寶坊 The "great precious region" described in the 大集 sutra as situated between the world of desire and the world of form.
大寶摩尼 The great precious ma?i, or pure pearl, the Buddha-truth.
大寶法王 Mahāratna-dharma-rāja. Title of the reformer of the Tibetan church, founder of the Yellow sect, b. A.D. 1417 ,worshipped as an incarnation of Amitābha, now incarnate in every Bogdo gegen Hutuktu reigning in Mongolia. He received this title in A. D. 1426. See 宗客巴 Tsong-kha-Pa.
大寶海 The "great precious ocean," (of the merit of Amitabha).
大寶積經 Mahāratnakū?a-sūtra. Collection of forty-nine sutras, of which thirty-six were translated by Bodhiruci and collated by him with various previous translations.
大寶華 The great precious flower, a lotus made of pearls.
大寶華王 King of jewel-lotuses, i.e., the finest of the gem-flowers 大寶華.
大寶華王座 A throne for the 大寶華王.
大寶藏 The great precious treasury, containing the gems of the Buddha-truth.
大寺 Mahāvihāra. The Great Monastery, especially that in Ceylon visited by Faxian about A.D. 400 when it had 3,000 inmates; v. 毘訶羅.
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大導師 The great guide, i.e. Buddha, or a Bodhisattva.
大小二乘 The two vehicles, Mahāyāna and Hinayana; v. 大乘 and 小乘.
大師 Great teacher, or leader, one of the ten titles of a Buddha.
大幻師 Great magician, a title given to a Buddha.
大度師 Great leader across mortality to nirvana, i.e. Buddha, or Bodhisattva.
大廣智三藏 He of great, wide wisdom in the Tripi?aka, a title of Amogha 阿目佉.
大德 bhadanta. 婆檀陀 Most virtuous, a title of honor of a Buddha; in the Vinaya applied to monks.
大心力 The great mind and power, or wisdom and activity of Buddha.
大心海 Great mind ocean, i.e. omniscience.
大念 (大念佛) Invoking Buddha with a loud voice; meditating on Buddha with continuous concentration.
大念佛 Invoking Buddha with a loud voice; meditating on Buddha with continuous concentration.
大志焚身 The monk Ta-chin who sacrificed himself on the pyre, and thus caused Yang Ti of the Sui dynasty to withdraw his order for dispersing the monks.
大忍法界 The great realm for learning patience, i.e. the present world.
大恩教主 The Lord of great grace and teacher of men, Buddha.
大惡象 The great wild elephant, i.e. the untamed heart.
大悲 mahākaru?ā, "great pity"; i.e. greatly pitiful, a heart that seeks to save the suffering; applied to all Buddhas and bodhisattvas; especially to Guanyin.
大悲三昧 The samādhi of great pity, in which Buddhas and bodhisattvas develop their great pity.
大悲代受苦 Vicarious suffering (in purgatory) for all beings, the work of bodhisattvas. The same idea in regard to Guanyin is conveyed in大悲千手獄.
大悲咒 Another name of the 千手經 or 千手陀羅尼 containing a spell against lust.
大悲壇 The altar of pity, a term for the garbhadhātu ma??ala , or for the Sakyamumi group.
大悲弓 The bow of great pity. Pity, a bow in the left hand; wisdom 智, an arrow in the right hand.
大悲四八之應 The thirty-two or thirty-three manifestations of the All-pitiful Guanyin responding to every need.
大悲普現 Great pity universally manifested, i.e. Guanyin, who in thirty-three manifestations meets every need.
大悲生心三昧耶 The samadhi of Maitreya.
大悲經 Mahākaru?ā-pu??arīka-sūtra, tr. by Narendraya?as and Dharmapraj?ā A.D. 552, five books.
大悲者 The great pitiful one, Kuan-yin.
大悲胎藏 The womb―store of great pity, the fundamental heart of bodhi in all: this womb is likened to a heart opening as an eight-leaved lotus, in the center being Vairocana, the source of pity.
大悲胎藏曼荼羅 The ma??ala of the 大悲胎藏.
大悲胎藏三昧 The samādhi in which Vairocana evolves the group, and it is described as the "mother of all Buddha-sons".
大悲菩薩 Guanyin, the Bodhisattva of great pity.
大悲觀世 Guanyin, the greatly pitiful regarder of (earth's) cries.
大悲鎧冑門 A degree of samādhi in which Vairocana produced the Bodhisattva Vajrapāla 金剛護菩薩 who protects men like a helmet and surrounds them like mail by his great pity.
大悲闡提 The greatly pitiful icchantikah, who cannot become a Buddha till his saving work is done, i.e. Guanyin, Dizang.
大慈 Great mercy,or compassion.
大慈大悲 Great mercy and great pity, characteristics of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, i.e. kindness in giving joy and compassion in saving from suffering. It is especially applied to Guanyin.
大慈尊 The honored one of great kindness, Maitreya.
大慈恩寺 The monastery of "Great Kindness and Grace", built in Changan by the crown prince of Taizong C.E. 648, where Xuanzang lived and worked and to which in 652 he added its pagoda, said to be 200 feet high, for storing the scriptures and relics he had brought from India.
大慈恩三藏 "Tripitaka of the Ta Cien T'zu En Si" is one of Xuanzang's 玄奘 titles.
慈生菩薩 The director or fosterer of pity among all the living, i.e. the fifth in the 除蓋障 court of the Garbhadhātu group. Also 大慈起; 慈發生; 慈愍慧; 慈念金剛. His Sanskrit name is translit. 昧憺利也毘廋拏糵多.
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大意 The general meaning or summary of a sutra or ?āstra. Also, the name of a youth, a former incarnation of the Buddha : to save his nation from their poverty, he plunged into the sea to obtain a valuable pearl from the sea-god who, alarmed by the aid rendered by Indra, gave up the pearl ; v. 大意經.
大意經 tr. by Gunabhadra of the Liu Sung dynasty, 1 chuan.
大愛道 Mahā prajāpatī, 摩訶波闍波提 Gautama's aunt and foster-mother, also styled Gotami or Gautami, the first woman received into the order. There are sutras known by her name. 大愛 is also a name for the sea-god.
大應供 The great worshipful―one of the ten titles of a Buddha.
大會 A general assembly.
大會衆 The general assembly (of the saints).
大愚 The "greatly ignorant", name of a monastery and title of its patriarch, of the Ch'an (Zen) or intuitive school.
大慧 Mahāmati 摩訶摩底 (1) Great wisdom, the leading bodhisattva of the La?kāvatāra-sūtra. (2) Name of a Hangchow master of the Chan school, Zonggao 宗杲 of the Song dynasty, whose works are the 大慧書. (3) Posthumous title of 一行Yixing, a master of the Chan school in the Tang dynasty.
大慧刀印 The sign of the great wisdom sword, the same esoteric sign as the 寳甁印 and 塔印 There are two books, the abbreviated titles of which are 大慧語錄 and its supplement the 大慧武庫.
大成 Mahāsa?mbhava. Great completion. The imaginary realm in which (in turn) appeared 20,000 ko?īs of Buddhas all of the same title, Bhī?magarjita-gho?asvararāja.
大戒 The complete commandments of Hīnayāna and Mahayana, especially of the latter.
大我 The greater self, or the true personality 眞我. Hīnayāna is accused of only knowing and denying the common idea of a self, or soul, whereas there is a greater self, which is a nirvana self. It especially refers to the Great Ego, the Buddha, but also to any Buddha ;v.大目經1, etc., and 涅槃經 23.
大拘絺那 Mahākau??hila, 摩訶倶絺羅, 摩訶倶祉羅 an eminent disciple of ?ākyamuni, maternal uncle of ?āriputra, reputed author of the Sa?gītiparyāya-?āstra.
大拏 sudana, 須達拏, 須大拏, 蘇達拏 ; i.e. Sakyamuni as a prince in a former life, when he forfeited the throne by his generosity.
大攝受 The great all-embracing receiver―a title of a Buddha, especially Amitābha.
大教 The great teaching. (1) That of the Buddha. (2) Tantrayāna. The mahātantra, yoga, yogacarya, or tantra school which claims Samantabhadra as its founder. It aims at ecstatic union of the individual soul with the world soul, I?vara. From this result the eight great powers of Siddhi (a??a-mahāsiddhi), namely, ability to (1) make one's body lighter (laghiman); (2) heavier (gaiman); (3) smaller (a?iman); (4) larger (mahiman) than anything in the world ; (5) reach any place (prāpti) ; (6) assume any shape (prākāmya) ; (7) control all natural laws (ī?itva) ; (8) make everything depend upon oneself; all at will (v.如意身 and 神足). By means of mystic formulas (Tantras or dhāra?īs), or spells (mantras), accompanied by music and manipulation of the hands (mūdra), a state of mental fixity characterized neither by thought nor the annihilation of thought, can be reached. This consists of six-fold bodily and mental happiness (yoga), and from this results power to work miracles. Asa?ga compiled his mystic doctrines circa A.D. 500. The system was introduced into China A.D. 647 by Xuanzang's translation of the Yogācārya-bhūmi-?āstra 瑜伽師地論 ; v. 瑜. On the basis of this, Amoghavajra established the Chinese branch of the school A.D. 720 ; v. 阿目. This was popularized by the labours of Vajrabodhi A.D. 732 ; v. 金剛智.
大教經 idem 大金剛頂經.
大教網 The net of the great teaching, which saves men from the sea of mortal life.
大方便 mahopāya; the great appropriate means, or expedient method of teaching by buddhas and bodhisattvas ; v. 方便 .
大方廣 mahāvaipulya ; cf. 大方等 The great Vaipulyas, or sutras of Mahāyāna. 方廣 and 方等 are similar in meaning. Vaipulya is extension, spaciousness, widespread, and this is the idea expressed both in 廣 broad, widespread, as opposed to narrow, restricted, and in 等 levelled up, equal everywhere, universal. These terms suggest the broadening of the basis of Buddhism, as is found in Mahāyāna. The Vaipulya works are styled sutras, for the broad doctrine of universalism, very different from the traditional account of his discourses, is put into the mouth of the Buddha in wider, or universal aspect. These sutras are those of universalism, of which the Lotus 法華 is an outstanding example. The form Vaitulya instead of Vaipulya is found in some Kashgar MSS. of the Lotus, suggesting that in the Vetulla sect lies the origin of the Vaipulyas, and with them of Mahāyāna, but the evidence is inadequate.
大方廣佛 The 本尊 fundamental honoured one of the 華嚴經, described as the Buddha who has realized the universal law.
大方廣佛華嚴經 Buddhāvata?saka-mahāvaipulya-sūtra ; the Avata?saka, Hua-yen, or Kegon sutra ; tr. by Buddhabhadra and others A.D. 418-420. The various translations are in 60, 80, and 40 chuan, v. 華嚴經.
大方廣如來祕密藏經 Tathāgatagarbha-sūtra, tr. A.D.350-431, idem 大方等如來藏經, tr. by Buddhabhadra A.D. 417-420, 1 chuan.
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大方等 Mahāvaipulya or vaipulya 大方廣; 毗佛畧. They are called 無量義經 sutras of infinite meaning, or of the infinite; first introduced into China by Dharmarak?a (A.D.266―317). The name is common to Hīnayāna and Mahayana, but chiefly claimed by the latter for its special sutras as extending and universalizing the Buddha's earlier preliminary teaching. v. 大方廣 and 方等.
大方等大集經 Mahāvaipulya-mahāsa?nipāta-sūtra, tr. A.D. 397―439, said to have been preached by the Buddha "from the age of 45 to 49 ...to Buddhas and bodhisattvas assembled from every region, by a great staircase made between the world of desire and that of form". B.N. Another version was made by J?ānagupta and others in A.D. 594 called 大方等大集賢護經.
大方等頂王説經 Vimalakīrti-nirde?a-sūtra, tr. by Dharmarak?a A.D.265―316.
大族王 Mihirakula 摩醯羅矩羅, an ancient Huna king in the Punjab circa A.D. 520 who persecuted Buddhism; v. 西域記 4.
大施太子 (or 善薩). The great princely almsgiver, i.e. ?ākyamuni in a previous life; also 能施太子 (or 太子).
大施會 無遮大會 mok?a-mahā-pari?ad; a great gathering for almsgiving to all, rich and poor, nominally quinquennial.
大日 Vairocana, or Mahāvairocana 大日如來; 遍照如來; 摩訶毘盧遮那； 毘盧遮那; 大日覺王 The sun, "shining everywhere" The chief object of worship of the Shingon sect in Japan, "represented by the gigantic image in the temple at Nara." (Eliot.) There he is known as Dai-nichi-nyorai. He is counted as the first, and according to some, the origin of the five celestial Buddhas (dhyāni-buddhas, or jinas). He dwells quiescent in Arūpa-dhātu, the Heaven beyond form, and is the essence of wisdom (bodhi) and of absolute purity. Samantabhadra 普賢 is his dhyāni-bodhisattva. The 大日經 "teaches that Vairocana is the whole world, which is divided into Garbhadhātu (material) and Vajradhātu (indestructible), the two together forming Dharmadhātu. The manifestations of Vairocana's body to himself―that is, Buddhas and Bodhisattvas ―are represented symbolically by diagrams of several circles ". Eliot. In the 金剛界 or vajradhātu ma??ala he is the center of the five groups. In the 胎藏界 or Garbhadhātu he is the center of the eight-leaf (lotus) court. His appearance, symbols, esoteric word, differ according to the two above distinctions. Generally he is considered as an embodiment of the Truth 法, both in the sense of dharmakāya 法身 and dharmaratna 法寳. Some hold Vairocana to be the dharmakāya of ?ākyamuni 大日與釋迦同一佛 but the esoteric school denies this identity. Also known as 最高顯廣眼藏如來, the Tathagata who, in the highest, reveals the far-reaching treasure of his eye, i.e. the sun. 大日大聖不動明王 is described as one of his transformations. Also, a ?rama?a of Kashmir (contemporary of Padma-sa?bhava); he is credited with introducing Buddhism into Khotan and being an incarnation of Ma?ju?rī; the king Vijaya Sa?bhava built a monastery for him.
大日供 A meeting for the worship of Vairocana.
大日宗 The cult of Vairocana especially associated with the 胎藏界 Garbhako?adhātu, or phenomenal world. The cult has its chief vogue in Japan.
大日經 The Vairocana sutra, styled in full 毘盧遮那成佛神變加持經, tr. in the Tang dynasty by ?ubhākarasi?ha 善無畏 in 7 chuan, of which the first six are the text and the seventh instructions for worship. It is one of the three sutras of the esoteric school. Its teaching pairs with that of the 金剛頂經. There are two versions of notes and comments on the text, the 大日經疏 20 chuan, and 大日經義疏 14 chuan; and other works, e.g. 大日經義釋; 大日經不思議疏; 大日經義軌 in four versions with different titles.
大日覺王 Vairocana, the king of bodhi.
大明王 The angels or messengers of Vairocana, v. 明王.
大明三藏聖敎目錄 The"Great Ming"dynasty catalogue of the Tripitaka, made during the reign of the emperor Yung Lo; it is the catalogue of the northern collection.
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大明白身菩薩 The great bright white-bodied bodhisattva, sixth in the first row of the Garbhadhātu Guanyin group.
大明續入藏諸集 Supplementary miscellaneous collection of Buddhist books, made under the Ming dynasty A.D. 1368-1644.
大智 Mahāmati; cf. 大慧; Great Wisdom, Buddha-wisdom, omniscience; a title of Ma?ju?rī, as the apotheosis of transcendental wisdom.
大智度論 A ?āstra ascribed to Nāgārjuna on the greater Prajna-paramita sutra; the sastra was tr. by Kumārajīva, A.D. 397―415, in 100 chuan.
大智慧門 The Buddha-door of great wisdom, as contrasted with that of his 大悲 great compassion.
大智灌頂地 The stage of the Great Wisdom chrism, or anointing of a Buddha, as having attained to the Great Wisdom, or omniscience; it is the eleventh stage.
大智藏 The Buddha-wisdom store.
大曼荼羅 (大曼) The great ma??ala; one of four groups of Buddhas and bodhisattvas of the esoteric school. The esoteric word 阿 "a " is styled the great ma??ala-king.
大本 The great, chief, or fundamental book or text. Tiantai takes the 無量壽經 as the major of the three Pure Land sutras, and the 阿彌陀經 as the 小本 minor.
大林寺 Mānavana-sa?ghārāma 摩訶伐那伽藍摩 "The monastery of the great forest", S. of Mongali.
大林精舍 The Ve?uvana monastery, called 竹林精舍 or 寺 , and 竹苑, Venuvana vihāra, in the Karanda ve?uvana, near Rājag?ha, a favourite resort of Sakyamuni.
大相 mahārūpa; great form. The kalpa of Mahābhij?ā-j?ānabhibhu, who is to appear as Buddha in a realm called Sa?bhava.
大染法 The great taint, or dharma of defilement, sex-attraction, associated with 愛染明王 Eros, the god of love.
大梵 Mahābrāhma?as; the third Brahmaloka, the third region of the first dhyāna. Mahābrahman; the great Brahma, 大梵天; it is also a title of one of the six Guanyin of the Tiantai sect.
大梵天 Mahābrahman; Brahma; 跋羅吸摩; 波羅賀磨; 梵覽摩; 梵天王; 梵王; 梵. Eitel says: "The first person of the Brahminical Trimūrti, adopted by Buddhism, but placed in an inferior position, being looked upon not as Creator, but as a transitory devatā whom every Buddhistic saint surpasses on obtaining bodhi. Notwithstanding this, the Saddharma-pu??arīka calls Brahma 'the father of all living beings'" 一切衆生之父. Mahābrahman is the unborn or uncreated ruler over all, especially according to Buddhism over all the heavens of form, i.e. of mortality. He rules over these heavens, which are of threefold form: (a) Brahma (lord), (b) Brahma-purohitas (ministers), and (c) Brahma-pāri?adyāh (people). His heavens are also known as the middle dhyāna heavens, i.e. between the first and second dhyānas. He is often represented on the right of the Buddha. According to Chinese accounts the Hindus speak of him (1) as born of Nārāya?a, from Brahma's mouth sprang the brahmans, from his arms the k?atriyas, from his thighs the vai?yas, and from his feet the ?ūdras; (2) as born from Vi??u; (3) as a trimūrti, evidently that of Brahma, Vi??u, and ?iva, but Buddhists define Mahābrahma's dharmakāya as Mahe?vara (?iva), his sa?bhogakāya as Nārāya?a, and his nirmā?akāya as Brahmā. He is depicted as riding on a swan, or drawn by swans.
大梵如意天 idem 大梵天 The term is incorrectly said by Chinese interpreters to mean freedom from sexual desire. He is associated with Vairocana, and with fire. v. also 尸棄.
大梵天王 Mahābrahma deva rāja, king of the eighteen Brahmalokas.
大樂説 Mahāpratibhāna. A bodhisattva in the Lotus Sutra, noted for pleasant discourse.
大樂不空 大樂金剛 (薩埵) "Unceasing great joy ", a Shingon name for the second of its eight patriarchs, Puxian, v. 金剛薩埵. There are works under this title.
大樓炭經 A sutra, also called 起世 by 法立 Fali and others; 樓炭 is a Sanskrit term meaning 成敗 creation and destruction.
大機 The great opportunity, or Mahāyāna method of becoming a bodhisattva.
大樹 Great trees, i.e. bodhisattvas, cf. 三草.
大樹仙人 Mahāv?k?a ??i, the ascetic Vāyu, who meditated so long that a big tree grew out of his shoulders. Seeing a hundred beautiful princesses he desired them; being spurned, he was filled with hatred, and with a spell turned them into hunchbacks; hence Kanyākubja, v. 羯 or 罽 the city of hump-backed maidens; its king was ? Brahmadatta. v. 西域記 5.
大樹緊那羅 The King of the mahādruma Kinnaras, Indra's musicians, who lives on Gandha-mādana. His sutra is 大樹緊那羅王所門經, 4 chuan, tr. by Kumārajīva.